main external opponents of Alexios I. The military power of Byzantium was by now very limited so Alexios I resorted to diplomacy. In dealing with the Normans, who under the leadership of Robert Guiscard occupied Dyrrachion in 1081, he used the Venetians as a counter-balance. The Emperor vested them with economic privileges within Byzantine territory and they reoccupied the city in 1082. As for the Pechenegs, who with the support of Turks from Smyrna had attacked Constantinople in 1090, the Emperor turned the Cumans against them, a people who defeated them at Levounion in 1091.The First Crusade (1096-99) and the changes that occurred in the Near East with the creation of tiny Latin states did not allow Alexios I to deal with the Seljuks of Asia Minor. He did manage, however, to redeploy Byzantine military forces to defeat the Normans at Dyrrachion in 1107 as well as to sign a peace treaty with them in 1108 (the Treaty of Devol). The explusion of the Seljuks from Asia Minor was a task he bequeathed to his son John II. In the last years of Alexios' reign the power of Hungary began to rise in the north; in the future this would be a major opponent of the Empire in the Balkans.